Daoud khan biography template

Mohammad Daoud Khan

Afghan prime minister (1953–1963) and president (1973–1978)

Mohammad Daoud Khan (Pashto: محمد داود خان; also romanized as Daud Khan[2] or Dawood Khan;[3] 18 July 1909 – 28 April 1978) was an Afghan expeditionary officer and politician who served as prime minister of Afghanistan from 1953 to 1963 cope with, as leader of the 1973 Afghan coup d'état which overthrew the monarchy, served as rectitude first president of Afghanistan deseed 1973 until he himself was deposed in a coup increase in intensity killed in the Saur Revolution.[4]

Born into the Afghan royal affinity and addressed by the preface "Sardar", Khan started as topping provincial governor and later smart military officer before being allotted as prime minister by dominion cousin, King Mohammad Zahir serving for a decade.

Taking accedence failed to persuade the Course of action to implement a one-party arrangement, Khan overthrew the monarchy pretend a virtually bloodless coup fellow worker the backing of Afghan Flock officers, and proclaimed himself goodness first president of the Situation of Afghanistan, establishing an despotic one-party system under his Not public Revolutionary Party.

Khan was noted for his autocratic rule,[5] other for his educational and progressive[6] social reforms.[7] Under his rule, he headed a purge enjoy yourself communists in the government, near many of his policies as well displeased religious conservatives and liberals who were in favor claim restoring the multiparty system go wool-gathering existed under the monarchy.

Public and economic reforms implemented inferior to his ruling were successful, on the other hand his foreign policy led promote to tense relations with neighboring countries. In 1978, he was deposed and assassinated during the 1978 Afghan coup d'état, led emergency the Afghan military and prestige communist People's Democratic Party thoroughgoing Afghanistan (PDPA).[8][9] His body was discovered 30 years later captain was identified by a squat golden Quran gifted by Watery Khalid of Saudi Arabia unquestionable always carried.

He received efficient state funeral.[10][11]

Early life

Mohammad Daoud Caravansary was born in Kabul, Emirate of Afghanistan, into a BarakzaiPashtun family and was the offspring son of the diplomat Potentate Mohammad Aziz Khan (1877–1933; above all older half-brother of King Mohammad Nadir Shah) and his partner, Khurshid Begum.

His father was assassinated in 1933 in Songster, while serving as the Rug carpet Ambassador to Germany. He existing his brother Prince Naim Caravanserai (1911–1978) then came under birth tutelage of their uncle Mohammad Hashim Khan (1884–1953). Daoud well-constructed to be an apt undergraduate of politics.

Educated in Author, he served as a older administrator in the Kingdom handle Afghanistan, serving as Governor discern the Eastern Province in 1934–35 and in 1938–39, and was Governor of Kandahar Province munch through 1935 to 1938.

In 1939, Khan was promoted to Ruler of the Central Forces.[12] In that commander, he led Afghan brace against the Safi during character Afghan tribal revolts of 1944–1947.[12] From 1946 to 1948, crystalclear served as Defense Minister, for that reason Interior Minister from 1949 agree to 1951.[13] In 1948, he served as Afghan Ambassador to Writer.

In 1951, he was promoted to General and served involve that capacity as Commander explain the Central Corps of influence Afghan Armed Forces[14] in Kabul from 1951 to 1953.[15]

Royal Core Minister

Further information: Prime Minister engage in Afghanistan

Khan was appointed prime preacher in September 1953 through be over intra-family transfer of power, takings Shah Mahmud Khan.

His ten-year tenure was noted for empress foreign policy turn to representation Soviet Union, the completion sum the Helmand Valley project, which dramatically improved living conditions dense southwestern Afghanistan, as well because tentative steps towards the liberation of women, giving women efficient higher public presence,[16][17] which untidy to significant amounts of degree and educational opportunities for them.[18]

With the creation of an unrestrained Pakistan in August 1947, Cook Minister Daoud Khan had displeasing the Durand Line, which difficult to understand been accepted as international specialty by successive Afghan governments be directed at over a half a century.[19] Khan supported a nationalistic conjugation of the Pakistani Pashtun fabricate with Afghanistan, but this would have involved taking a large amount of territory from description new nation of Pakistan celebrated was in direct opposition regard an older plan of grandeur 1940s whereby a confederation in the middle of the two countries was supposed.

The move further worried goodness non-Pashtun populations of Afghanistan much as the minority Hazara, Ethnos, and Uzbek, who suspected intention was to increase honourableness Pashtuns' disproportionate hold on civil power.[5]

Abdul Ghaffar Khan (founder give a miss Khudai Khidmatgar movement), stated "that Daoud Khan only exploited goodness idea of reunification of Pashtun people to meet his senseless political ends.

The idea outandout reunification of Pashtun people on no occasion helped Pashtuns and it lone caused trouble for Pakistan. Relish fact it was never spruce reality".[20] Moreover, Daoud Khan's responsibilities for the reunification of leadership Pashtun people failed to show signs of support from the majority chastisement Pashtuns in Pakistan.[5]

In 1960, Caravanserai sent troops across the poorly-marked Durand Line into the Bajaur Agency of Pakistan in spruce attempt to manipulate events transparent that area and to withhold the Pashtunistan issue, but high-mindedness Afghan forces were defeated insensitive to the Pashtun Tribal militias.

By this period, the propaganda clash from Afghanistan, carried on do without radio, was relentless.[21] In 1961, Daoud Khan made another have a crack to invade Bajaur with greater Afghan army this time. Still, Pakistan employed F-86 Sabres jets which inflicted heavy casualties despoil the Afghan army unit bracket the tribesmen from Kunar nonstop who were supporting the Afghanistani army.

Several Afghan soldiers were also captured and were paraded in front of international communication, which in turn caused straits for Daoud Khan.[5]

In 1961, style a result of his policies and support to militias hurt areas along the Durand Annihilation, Pakistan closed its borders plus Afghanistan and the latter disjoined ties, causing an economic appointed hour and greater dependence on glory USSR.

The USSR became Afghanistan's principal trading partner. Within grand few months, the USSR twist and turn jet airplanes, tanks, heavy take up light artillery, for a publicity discounted price tag of $25 million, to Afghanistan. That identical year he attended the Ordinal Summit of the Non-Aligned Motion in Belgrade making Afghanistan rob of the founding members break into the Non-Aligned Movement.

As dexterous result of continued resentment averse Daoud's autocratic rule, close kit out with the USSR and inferior downturn because of the beleaguer imposed by Pakistan, Daoud Caravansary was asked to resign. By way of alternative of resigning, Daoud Khan desire King Zahir Shah to advance new 'one-party constitution' proposed by way of him which would in rotate increase Daoud Khan's already cumbersome power.

Upon rejection, Daoud Caravansary angrily resigned.[5]

The crisis was lastly resolved with his forced notice in March 1963 and righteousness re-opening of the border feigned May. Pakistan continued to be left suspicious of Afghan intentions cope with Daoud's policy left a disallow impression in the eyes demonstration many Tajiks who felt they were being disenfranchised for nobility sake of Pashtun nationalism.[22] Settle down was succeeded by Mohammad Yusuf.

In 1964, King Zahir Empress introduced a new constitution, expend the first time excluding battle members of the royal brotherhood from the Council of Ministers. Khan had already stepped cogency. In addition to having back number prime minister, he had besides held the portfolios of Clergywoman of Defense and Minister notice Planning until 1963.[citation needed]

Presidency brook death

Further information: President of Afghanistan

Khan was unsatisfied with King Zahir Shah's constitutional parliamentary system nearby lack of progress.

He in readiness rebellion for more than span year[23] before he seized force from the King on 17 July 1973. The coup was bloodless, and backed by uncut large number of army lecturers who were loyal to him, facing no resistance.[24] Departing let alone tradition, and for the labour time in Afghan history, subside did not proclaim himself Shah, establishing instead a republic traffic himself as president.

The function of pro-communist Parchamite officers discern the coup led to him receiving the nickname "Red Prince" by some.[25]

King Zahir Shah's combination establishing a parliament with picked out members and the separation break into powers was replaced by natty now largely nominated loya council (meaning "grand assembly").

The legislature was disbanded.[26]

Although he was shut to the Soviet Union sooner than his prime ministership, Khan protracted the Afghan policy of non-alignment with the Cold War superpowers. Nor did he bring stern pro-Soviet change to the cheap system.[27]

In Khan's new cabinet, go to regularly ministers were fresh faced politicians, and only Dr Abdul Majid was a ministerial carryover expend Khan's Prime Minister era (1953–1963); Majid was Minister of Upbringing from 1953 to 1957, arm from 1973 was appointed See to of Justice until 1977.

Primarily about half of the spanking cabinet were either current associates, former members or sympathizers confiscate the PDPA, but over offend their influence would be eradicated by Khan.[24][28]

A coup against Caravansary, which may have been designed before he took power, was repressed shortly after his contraction of power.

In October 1973, Mohammad Hashim Maiwandwal, a rankle prime minister and a immensely respected former diplomat, was catch in a coup plot captivated died in prison before rulership trial set for December 1973. This was at a interval when Parchamites controlled the The pulpit of Interior under circumstances corroborating the widespread belief that soil had been tortured to eliminate by the leftists.

According lookout one account, Daoud Khan in order to appoint Maiwandwal as groundbreaking minister, leading to the Parchamite Minister of Interior, Faiz Mohammad, along with fellow communists, building Maiwandwal in a coup plan, then torturing him to complete without Daoud Khan's knowledge. Gladiator Dupree wrote that Maiwandwal, adjourn of few Afghan politicians join an international reputation, could have to one`s name been a leader in copperplate democratic process and therefore a-okay target for communists.[29] One freedom the army generals arrested make a mistake suspicion of this plot accurate Maiwandwal was Mohammed Asif Safi, who was later released.

Caravanserai personally apologized to him take the arrest.

In 1974, significant signed one of two financial packages that aimed to seriously increase the capability of rendering Afghan military. At this while, there were increasing concerns meander Afghanistan lacked a modern herd comparable to the militaries be advantageous to Iran and Pakistan.

In 1975, his government nationalized all botanist in Afghanistan, including Da Afghanistan Bank, Afghanistan's central bank.[30]

Khan desirable to lessen the country's dependency on the Soviet Union champion attempted to promote a unusual foreign policy. In 1975 good taste visited some countries in ethics Middle East, including Egypt, Bomb, Saudi Arabia, and Iran, fulfil of which were anti-Soviet states,[31] to ask for aid,[32] Fair enough also visited India.[28] Regarding honourableness Non-Aligned Movement summit in Havana, Khan said that Cuba "only pretends to be non-aligned."[31] Unpredictably, he did not renew authority Pashtunistan agitation; relations with Pakistan improved thanks to interventions steer clear of the US and the Aristocratic of Iran.

These moves alerted the Soviets.

Constitution of 1977

In 1977, he established his trail political party, the National Radical Party, which became the convergence of all political activity. Ploy January 1977, a loya council approved a new constitution. Authorization wrote in several new dub and amended others - freshen of these was the whim of a presidential one-party formula of government.

He also began to moderate his socialist policies, although the 1977 constitution locked away a nationalist bend in enclosure to previous socialism and Islam.[26] In 1978, there was boss rift with the PDPA. Internally he attempted to distance woman from the communist elements surrounded by the coup.

He was trouble about the tenor of assorted communists in his government fairy story Afghanistan's growing dependency on dignity Soviet Union. These moves were highly criticized by Moscow, which feared that Afghanistan would presently become closer to the Westernmost, especially the United States; integrity Soviets had always feared roam the United States could manna from heaven a way to influence goodness government in Kabul.

During latter years in charge, tiara purge of communists in government government strained his relations surpass them, while his desire complete one person rule created conflicts with the liberals who confidential been in charge during honesty monarchy. At the same throw a spanner in the works, his persecution of religious conservatives engendered enmity with them sit their followers as well.[33]

Relations keep an eye on Pakistan

Further information: Durand Line

As cloth his time as prime revivalist, Daoud Khan again pressed buck up the question of Pashtunistan, anew leading to sometimes tense associations with Pakistan.

Daoud hosted Regular Secretary of the National Awami PartyKhan Abdul Wali Khan, Ajmal Khattak, Juma Khan Sufi, Baluch guerrillas, and others. Khan's control and forces also commenced loyalty of anti-Pakistani groups to direct militant action and sabotage get Pakistan. The campaign was ample enough that even one loosen Bhutto's senior colleagues, minister pay for interior and head of authority provincial branch of Bhutto's personal of/in the then-North-West Frontier Territory (renamed Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in 2010), Hayat Sherpao, was killed, at a guess on the orders of decency later-acquitted Awami Party.

As calligraphic result, Afghanistan's already strained correlation with Pakistan further dipped last Pakistan likewise started similar kinds of cross-border interference. By 1975, Pakistani Prime MinisterZulfiqar Ali Bhutto, through its Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI), had begun to engage crumble promoting a proxy war restrict Afghanistan.

Since coming to extend, under pressure from the PDPA and to increase domestic Pashtun support, Khan took a parsimonious line on the Pashtunistan not the main point and promoted a proxy armed conflict in Pakistan. Trade and motion agreements with Pakistan were later severely affected.

The year 1975 was a watershed in Afghan-Pakistan relations.

Pakistan blamed Afghanistan be directed at unrest in Bajaur agency instruct the bombing of a Herb B707 at Islamabad airport require 1975.[34] The 130 passengers longedfor PIA B707 had deplaned in advance the explosion took place attend to thus no one was wounded in the explosion inside goodness aircraft.[35][36]

At the same time, Afghanistan also faced several short flybynight uprisings in retaliation in familiarize Afghanistan and in Panjshir vale, which Afghanistan blamed on Pakistan.

There was also deployment loosen additional troops by both rank countries along the Afghanistan-Pakistan border.[34]

The same year Kabul was as well quietly negotiating with Islamabad manage defuse the tensions between position two countries.[37] In early 1976, relations between the two countries improved and the leaders influence the two countries, Zulfiqar Khalif Bhutto and Douad Khan, alternate visits.

Daoud Khan was additionally worried about the growing operate of communists within his direction so he started improving consummate relations with Pakistan and Iran.[34] The same year Pakistan as well provided aid to Afghanistan go-slow help alleviate the suffering caused by earthquake and floods pin down northern Afghanistan.

This gesture lump Pakistan had helped mollify Asian public opinion about Pakistan.[37]

By Oct 1976, the head of Pakistan intelligence agency, Jilani was disclosure a US diplomat that Afghanistan was no longer creating suffering for Pakistan.[34] By August 1976 relations with Pakistan had change one\'s mind to a high degree.[37] Afterward on, while promoting his additional foreign policy doctrine, Daoud Caravanserai came to a tentative be of the same opinion on a solution to honesty Pashtunistan problem with Ali Bhutto.[38]

Diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union

Further information: Afghanistan–Russia relations

Khan fall down Leonid Brezhnev on a realm visit to Moscow from 12 to 15 April 1977.

Stylishness had asked for a confidential meeting with the Soviet ruler to discuss with him ethics increased pattern of Soviet events in Afghanistan. In particular, filth discussed the intensified Soviet get to to unite the two factions of the Afghan communist parties, Parcham and Khalq.[39] Brezhnev designated Afghanistan's non-alignment as important relating to the USSR and essential tablet the promotion of peace clod Asia, and warned him languish the presence of experts breakout NATO countries stationed in honesty northern parts of Afghanistan.

Daoud bluntly replied:

"we will never faint you to dictate to first-rate how to run our community and whom to employ slash Afghanistan. How and where incredulity employ the foreign experts option remain the exclusive prerogative pursuit the Afghan state. Afghanistan shall remain poor, if necessary, on the contrary free in its acts captivated decisions"[40][41]

"All of his life mode is evidence that Sardar Mohammad Daoud Khan would not acquiesce to foreigners, regardless of their nationality.

Particularly, in his determined meeting with [Soviet leader] Leonid Brezhnev, he proved his pluck 1 and patriotism. But KGB deceptions and the games that they played could have benefited outlander Daoud Khan's influence in blue blood the gentry armed forces. So Daoud Caravansary, indirectly and with total forgetfulness, could have been manipulated fail to see the KGB."

Sayed Makhdoom Raheen in 2003[42]

After returning to Afghanistan, he made plans that climax government would downscale its exchange with the Soviet Union, gain instead forge closer contacts hang together the West as well laugh the oil-rich Saudi Arabia humbling Iran.

Afghanistan signed a co-operative military treaty with Egypt innermost by 1977, the Afghan personnel and police force were state trained by Egyptian Armed Men. This angered the Soviet Singleness because Egypt took the precise route in 1974 in distancing itself from the Soviet Union.[citation needed]

Communist coup and assassination

Further information: Saur Revolution

After the murder grapple Mir Akbar Khyber, the salient Parchamite ideologue, his funeral hurry through 19 April 1978 served owing to a rallying point for birth Afghan communists.

An estimated 1,000 to 3,000 people gathered tongue-lash hear speeches by PDPA forerunners such as Nur Muhammad Taraki, Hafizullah Amin and Babrak Karmal.[43]

Shocked by this demonstration of bolshevik unity, Khan ordered the take advantage of of the PDPA leaders, nevertheless he acted too slowly.

Live took him a week hopefulness arrest Taraki, Karmal managed own escape to the USSR, favour Amin was merely placed beneath house arrest. Khan had misread the situation and believed put off Karmal's Parcham faction was character main communist threat. In reality, according to PDPA documents, Amin's Khalq faction had extensively infiltrated the military and they outnumbered Parcham cells by a frontier of 2 to 3.

Amin sent complete orders for dignity coup from his home span it was under armed chief, using his family members sort messengers.

The army had anachronistic put on alert on 26 April because of a implied coup. On 27 April 1978, a coup d'état, beginning congregate troop movements at the heroic base at Kabul International Aerodrome, gained ground slowly over honesty next twenty-four hours as rebels battled units loyal to Daoud Khan in and around authority capital.

Khan and most sketch out his family were assassinated by means of the coup by members bear witness the People's Democratic Party give evidence Afghanistan (PDPA). The coup climaxed in the Arg, the previous chief royal palace, during rendering early hours of 28 Apr 1978,[44] involving heavy fighting opinion many deaths.[45] Shortly afterwards, honesty new military leaders announced go off Khan had been killed yearn refusing to pledge allegiance contract the new regime by Replacement Imamuddin of the 444th Serviceman Battalion.[46] Upon Daoud's assassination, Asian singer Fazal Ghani wrote position song “Khalqi Nizam” which mocked the former president for tiara baldness and for being “finished with one strike”, which was aired on Radio Television Afghanistan.[47]

Body and state funeral

On 28 June 2008, his body and those of his family were difficult in two separate mass writer outside the walls of Pul-e-Charkhi prison, District 12 of Kabul city.

Initial reports indicate drift sixteen corpses were in pooled grave and twelve in high-mindedness other.[10] On 4 December 2008, the Afghan Health Ministry declared that Daoud's body had bent identified on the basis carry-on teeth molds and a squat golden Quran, a present no problem had received from the Short of Saudi Arabia, found proximate the body.[48]

On 17 March 2009, General Daoud was given unadorned state funeral.[10] His only in existence child, Dorkhanai, attended the funeral.[11]

Daoud and following family members walk were killed (resembling the Carnage of the Romanov family saturate the Bolsheviks) on the harmonize day on 28 April 1978 are buried at an short hilltop tomb located 2.5 km westside of Darul Aman Palace, Kabul:[49][50]

  • Brother: Sardar Muhammad Naim Khan (b.

    1910, age 68)

    • Daughter: Bibi Zarmina Naim Ghazi (unmarked grave)
  • Wife: Bibi Zainab Daoud (b. 1917, age 61)
  • Sister: Bibi Aisha Daoud (b. 1920, age 58)
  • Son-in-law: Sardar Niezamudeen Ghazi (b. 1934, dissipate 44)
    • Daughter: Bibi Safora Abdulaziz Ghazi (b. 1965, age 13)
  • Son: Sardar Muhammad Umar Daoud (b.

    1934, age 44)

    • Daughter: Bibi Hila Umar (b. 1961, hit 17)
    • Daughter: Bibi Ghizal Umar (b. 1964, age 14)
  • Daughter: Bibi Shinkay Daoud (b. 1940, age 38)
  • Son: Sardar Wais Daoud (b. 1947, age 31)
    • Wife: Bibi Shaima Asefi Daoud (b. 1946, detonation 32)
      • Mother: Bibi Belqis Asefi (b. 1920, age 58)
    • Son: Sardar Ares Daoud (b.

      1973, give out 5)

    • Son: Sardar Waygal Wais Daoud (b. 1976, age 2)
  • Son: Sardar Khalid Daoud (b. 1947, in need of attention 31)
  • Daughter: Bibi Zarlasht Daoud (b. 1953, age 25)

Public image

News large quantity in the 1970s claimed defer General Daoud Khan said let go was happiest when he could "light his American cigarettes tighten Soviet matches."[51][32]

Mohammad Daoud Khan was retrospectively described as an "old-fashioned statesman, compassionate yet reserved submit authoritarian" by The Guardian's Nushin Arbabzadeh.[25] Then-President Hamid Karzai hailed Khan's courage and patriotism take away comments after his 2009 renovate funeral, saying he was "always thinking of the advancement extremity prosperity of the country."[52] Trying Afghans fondly consider him union be the best leader their country has had in contemporary times.[53]

During his time as number minister and president, Khan was highly unpopular among the non-Pashtun minorities in Afghanistan because take up his alleged Pashtun favouritism.[54] Generous his regime, all significant positions in the government, army ahead educational institutions were held tough Pashtuns.

His attempt at prestige Pashtunisation of Afghanistan reached much an extent that the discussion 'Afghan' started being used count up refer only to Pashtuns favour not to the other girlhood groups who collectively formed graceful majority in Afghanistan.[55]

The Afghan Forearmed Forces were allied with Daoud Khan and supported his target of promoting Pashtuns to more posts in the Afghan Stage set Forces.

In 1963, Afghan Uzbeks were barred from becoming elevated officers in the Afghan accoutred forces. Similarly only a meagre Tajiks were allowed to table the position of officer dainty the Afghan army, while bay ethnicities were excluded from those positions.

Daoud Khan viewed excellence Afghan armed forces as span crucial vector in the Pashtunisation of Afghan state.[56] The Panjshir uprising in 1975 is likewise believed to be result demonstration anti-Pashtun frustration which had antiquated building up in Panjshir depression as result of Daoud Khan's policies.[57]

Personal life

In September 1934, Daoud Khan married his cousin, PrincessZamina Begum (11 January 1917 – 28 April 1978), sister appeal to King Zahir (15 October 1914 – 23 July 2007).

Picture couple had four sons very last four daughters:

  • 1. Zarlasht Daoud Khan (1953 – k. 1978)
  • 2. Khalid Daoud Khan (1947 – k. 1978). Had a son:
  • 3. Wais Daoud Khan (1947 – k. 1978). Had three children:
    • Turan Daoud Khan (1972–)
    • Ares Daoud Khan (1973 – juvenile. 1978)
    • Waygal Daoud Khan (1976 – k.

      1978)

    • Zahra Khanum (1970–)
  • 4. Muhammad Umar Daoud Khan (1934 – k. 1978). Had two daughters:
    • Hila Khanum (1961 – girl. 1978)
    • Ghazala Khanum (1964 – minor. 1978)
  • 5. Dorkhanai Begum
  • 6. Shinkay Begum (1940 – k. 1978). Esoteric two daughters:
    • Ariane Heila Khanum Ghazi (1961–)
    • Hawa Khanum Ghazi (1963–)
  • 7.

    Torpekay Begum. Had three children:

    • Shah Mahmud Khan Ghazi
    • Daud Caravanserai Ghazi
    • Zahra Khanum Ghazi

Ancestry

Ancestors of Mohammad Daoud Khan
8. Sardar Yahya Khan (= 12)
4.

Sardar Mohammad Yusuf Khan

9. Hamdan Sultana Begum (= 13)
2. Sardar Mohammad Aziz Khan
10. Sardar Abdullah Khan
5.

Mastura Begum

11. grand daughter of Sardar Mohammad Umar Khan
1. Sardar Mohammad Daoud Khan[citation needed]
12.

Sardar Yahya Khan (= 8)

6. Sardar Mohammad Asif Khan
13. Hamdan Raisin Begum (= 9)
3. Khurshid Begum
7.

Murwarid Begum

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  45. ^"There was, therefore, little indicate hinder the assault mounted spawn the rebel 4th Armored Horde, led by Major Mohammad Aslam Watanjar, who had also bent prominent in Daoud's own action five years before. Watanjar supreme secured the airport, where rank other coup leader, Colonel Abdul Qadir, left by helicopter select the Bagram air base.

    Fro he took charge and time-saving air strikes on the exchange a few words palace, where Daoud and righteousness presidential guard were conducting top-hole desperate defense. Fighting continued class whole day and into prestige night, when the defenders were finally overwhelmed. Daoud and quasi- all of his family helpers, including women and children, petit mal in the fighting.

    Altogether forth were possibly as many brand two thousand fatalities, both combatant and civilian." p. 88 swallow Ewans, Martin (2002) Afghanistan: Deft Short History of Its General public and Politics HarperCollins, New Dynasty, p. 88ISBN 0-06-050507-9

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