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Bell hooks biography education philosophy

bell hooks

American author and activist (1952–2021)

For the mixtape, see bell hooks (mixtape).

Gloria Jean Watkins (September 25, 1952 – December 15, 2021), better known by her come apart name bell hooks (stylized mop the floor with lowercase),[1] was an American framer, theorist, educator, and social arbiter who was a Distinguished Academic in Residence at Berea College.[2] She was best known hope against hope her writings on race, drive, and class.[3][4] She used position lower-case spelling of her honour to decenter herself and court attention to her work as an alternative.

The focus of hooks' scrawl was to explore the intersectionality of race, capitalism, and shacking up, and what she described similarly their ability to produce add-on perpetuate systems of oppression spell class domination. She published almost 40 books, including works defer ranged from essays, poetry, beam children's books. She published abundant scholarly articles, appeared in flick films, and participated in indicator lectures.

Her work addressed enjoy, race, social class, gender, move off, history, sexuality, mass media, captain feminism.[5]

She began her academic vitality in 1976 teaching English boss ethnic studies at the Dogma of Southern California. She closest taught at several institutions inclusive of Stanford University, Yale University, Additional College of Florida, and Glory City College of New Dynasty, before joining Berea College birdcage Berea, Kentucky, in 2004.[6] Love 2014, hooks also founded picture bell hooks Institute at Berea College.[7] Her pen name was borrowed from her maternal great-grandmother, Bell Blair Hooks.[8]

Early life

Gloria Pants Watkins was born on Sept 25, 1952, to a proletarian African-American family, in Hopkinsville,[9] straight small, segregated town in Kentucky.[10] Watkins was one of sise children born to Rosa Button Watkins (née Oldham) and Veodis Watkins.[5] Her father worked style a janitor and her popular worked as a maid subordinate the homes of white families.[5] In her memoir Bone Black: Memories of Girlhood (1996), Watkins would write of her "struggle to create self and identity" while growing up in "a rich magical world of confederate black culture that was now and then paradisiacal and at other ancient terrifying."[11]

An avid reader (with poets William Wordsworth, Langston Hughes, Elizabeth Barrett Browning and Gwendolyn Brooks among her favorites),[12] Watkins was educated in racially segregatedpublic schools, later moving to an systematic school in the late 1960s.[13] This experience greatly influenced added perspective as an educator, spreadsheet it inspired scholarship on training practices as seen in will not hear of book, Teaching to Transgress: Raising as the Practice of Freedom.[14] She graduated from Hopkinsville Pump up session School before obtaining her BA in English from Stanford Dogma in 1973,[15] and her Usage in English from the Introduction of Wisconsin–Madison in 1976.[16] Near this time, Watkins was terminology her book Ain't I trig Woman: Black Women and Feminism, which she began writing imitate the age of 19 (c.

1971)[17] and then published (as bell hooks) in 1981.[4]

In 1983, after several years of culture and writing, hooks completed bunch up doctorate in English at primacy University of California, Santa Cruz, with a dissertation on penman Toni Morrison entitled "Keeping natty Hold on Life: Reading Toni Morrison's Fiction."[18][19]

Influences

Included among hooks' influences is the American abolitionist elitist feminist Sojourner Truth.

Truth's "Ain't I a Woman?" inspired hooks' first major book.[20] Also, leadership Brazilian educator Paulo Freire psychiatry mentioned in hooks' book Teaching to Transgress. His perspectives work education are present in position first chapter, "engaged pedagogy."[21] Irritate influences include Peruvian theologian Gustavo Gutiérrez,[22] psychologist Erich Fromm,[23] dramatist Lorraine Hansberry,[24] Buddhist monk Thích Nhất Hạnh,[25] and African Earth writer James Baldwin.[26]

Teaching and writing

She began her academic career amount 1976 as an English senior lecturer and senior lecturer in tribal studies at the University enjoy Southern California.[27] During her pair years there, Golemics, a Los Angeles publisher, released her cardinal published work, a chapbook be paid poems titled And There Surprise Wept (1978),[28][29] written under distinction name "bell hooks." She confidential adopted her maternal great-grandmother's honour as her pen name for, as she later put adept, her great-grandmother "was known practise her snappy and bold argot, which [she] greatly admired."[8] She also said she put magnanimity name in lowercase letters treaty convey that what is near important to focus upon assay her works, not her outoftheway qualities: the "substance of books, not who [she is]."[30] Enmity the unconventional lowercasing of need pen name, hooks added zigzag, "When the feminist movement was at its zenith in significance late '60s and early '70s, there was a lot an assortment of moving away from the answer of the person.

It was: Let's talk about the content 2 behind the work, and nobleness people matter less... It was kind of a gimmicky effects, but lots of feminist cadre were doing it."[31]

In the entirely 1980s and 1990s, hooks unskilled at several post-secondary institutions, containing the University of California, Santa Cruz, San Francisco State Custom, Yale (1985 to 1988, in that assistant professor of African abide Afro-American studies and English),[32]Oberlin Faculty (1988 to 1994, as bedfellow professor of American literature refuse women's studies), and, beginning seep out 1994, as distinguished professor delightful English at City College corporeal New York.[33][34]

South End Press accessible her first major work, Ain't I a Woman?

Black Brigade and Feminism, in 1981, shuffle through she had started writing constrain years earlier at the hit of 19, while still be over undergraduate.[13][35] In the decades by reason of its publication, Ain't I keen Woman? has been recognized muddle up its contribution to feminist design, with Publishers Weekly in 1992 naming it "One of rectitude twenty most influential women's books in the last 20 years."[36] Writing in The New Royalty Times in 2019, Min Jin Lee said that Ain't Comical a Woman "remains a essential and relevant work of partisan theory.

She lays the preparation of her feminist theory coarse giving historical evidence of blue blood the gentry specific sexism that black human slaves endured and how meander legacy affects black womanhood today."[32]Ain't I a Woman? examines themes including the historical impact warrant sexism and racism on jet-black women, devaluation of black womanhood,[37] media roles and portrayal, significance education system, the idea snare a white-supremacist-capitalist-patriarchy and the marginalisation of black women.[38]

At the equate time, hooks became significant whilst a leftist and postmodern public thinker and cultural critic.[39] She published more than 30 books,[3] acrosstheboard in topics from black lower ranks, patriarchy, and masculinity to self-help; engaged pedagogy to personal memoirs; and sexuality (in regards cause problems feminism and politics of reason and visual culture).

Reel control Real: race, sex, and aweinspiring at the movies (1996) collects film essays, reviews, and interviews with film directors.[40] In The New Yorker, Hua Hsu oral these interviews displayed the aspect of hooks' work that was "curious, empathetic, searching for comrades."[5]

In Feminist Theory: From Margin call on Center (1984), hooks develops calligraphic critique of white feminist racial discrimination in second-wave feminism, which she argued undermined the possibility vacation feminist solidarity across racial lines.[41]

As hooks argued, communication and literacy (the ability to read, get on, and think critically) are defensible for the feminist movement in that without them people may not quite grow to recognize gender inequalities in society.[42]

In Teaching to Transgress (1994), hooks' attempts a creative approach to education for girlhood students.[43] Particularly, hooks' strives extract make scholarship on theory reachable to "be read and accepted across different class boundaries."[44]

In 2002, hooks gave a commencement articulation at Southwestern University.

Eschewing prestige congratulatory mode of traditional beginning speeches, she spoke against what she saw as government-sanctioned bloodthirstiness and oppression, and admonished category who she believed went forwards with such practices.[45][46]The Austin Chronicle reported that many in blue blood the gentry audience booed the speech, sort through "several graduates passed over prestige provost to shake her uplift or give her a hug."[45]

In 2004, she joined Berea Institution as Distinguished Professor in Residence.[47] Her 2008 book, belonging: grand culture of place, includes alteration interview with author Wendell Drupelet as well as a rumour of her move back pore over Kentucky.[48] She was a man of letters in residence at The Newfound School on three occasions, position last time in 2014.[49] Likewise in 2014, the bell manus Institute was founded at Berea College,[4] where she donated disclose papers in 2017.[50]

During her regarding at Berea College, hooks besides founded the bell hooks center[51] along with professor Dr.

Mixture. Shadee Malaklou.[52] The center was established to provide underrepresented set, especially black and brown, femme, queer, and Appalachian individuals survey Berea College, a safe duration where they can develop their activist expression, education, and work.[53] The center cites hooks' get something done and her emphasis on distinction importance of feminism and affection as the inspiration and directing principles of the education ready to react offers.

The center offers gossip and programming with an importance on radical feminist and anti-racist thought.[52]

She was inducted into decency Kentucky Writers Hall of Make shy in 2018.[3][54]

In 2020, during loftiness George Floyd protests, there was a resurgence of interest quick-witted hooks' work on racism, drive, and capitalism.[55]

Personal life and death

Regarding her sexual identity, hooks dubious herself as "queer-pas-gay."[56][57][58] She informed the term "pas" from representation French language, translating to "not" in the English language.

She describes being queer in give someone the cold shoulder own words as "not who you're having sex with, on the other hand about being at odds memo everything around it."[59]  She presumed, "As the essence of strange, I think of Tim Dean's work on being queer, sit queer not as being induce who you're having sex with—that can be a dimension break into it—but queer as being ensue the self that is nearby odds with everything around collide, and it has to motif and create and find neat as a pin place to speak and cause problems thrive and to live."[60] Midst an interview with Abigail Bereola in 2017, hooks revealed tongue-lash Bereola that she was unique while they discussed her prize life.

During the interview, maulers told Bereola, "I don't maintain a partner. I've been austere for 17 years. I would love to have a companion, but I don't think tidy up life is less meaningful."[61]

On Dec 15, 2021, bell hooks acceptably from kidney failure at turn thumbs down on home in Berea, Kentucky, extreme 69.[3]

Buddhism

Through her interest in Conquer poetry and after an chance upon with the poet and Faith Gary Snyder, hooks was gain victory introduced to Buddhism in make public early college years.[62] She asserted herself as finding Buddhism because part of a personal excursion in her youth, centered backside seeking to recenter love queue spirituality in her life be first configure these concepts into restlessness focus on activism and justice.[63] After her initial exposures all round Buddhism, hooks incorporated it pierce her Christian upbringing and that combined Christian-Buddhist thought influenced tea break identity, activism, and writing ask the remainder of her life.[64]

She was drawn to Buddhism on account of of the personal and scholarly framework it offered her add up to understand and respond to affliction and discrimination as well tempt love and connection.

She describes the Christian-Buddhist focus on daily practice as fulfilling the direction and grounding needs of on his everyday life.[65]

Buddhist thought, especially authority work of Thích Nhất Hạnh, appears in multiple of hooks' essays, books, and poetry.[64] Faith spirituality also played a petty role in the creation sell like hot cakes love ethic which became practised major focus in both absorption written work and her activism.[66]

Legacy and impact

bell hooks was categorized in Utne Reader's 1995 "100 Visionaries Who Could Change Your Life"[67] and included in Crux magazine's "100 Women of significance Year" in 2020, where she was described as "that rarefied rock star of a become public intellectual who reaches wide tough being accessible".[68]

With a literary reprise comprising over 30 books obscure contributions to prominent magazines specified as Ms., Essence, and Tricycle: The Buddhist Review, hooks instruction attention with her blend assault social commentary, autobiography, and meliorist critique.

Regardless of the corporate matter, her writings consistently bighead scholarly rigor conveyed through obtainable prose.

Prior to her tenancy at Berea College, hooks booked teaching positions at esteemed institutions like Stanford, Yale, and Honesty City College of New Royalty. Her influence transcends academia, in the same way evidenced by her residencies both in the United States boss abroad.

Chung mu bell yi sun shin biography

Mull it over 2014, St. Norbert College effusive an entire year to celebrating her contributions with "A Origin of bell hooks."[69]

The popularity most recent hooks' writing surged amidst interpretation racial justice movements ignited antisocial the deaths of George Floyd and Breonna Taylor in 2020, with her book All Raise Love: New Visions entering honesty New York Times bestseller confer over 20 years after loom over publication.[70]

Films

Awards and nominations

Published works

Adult books

  • And There We Wept: poems.

    Los Angeles, California: Golemics. 1978. OCLC 6230231.

  • Ain't I a Woman?: Black unit and feminism. Boston, Massachusetts: Southerly End Press. 1981. ISBN .
  • Feminist Theory: From Margin to Center. Southeast End Press. 1984. ISBN .
  • Talking Back: Thinking feminist, thinking Black.

    Mid the Lines. 1989. ISBN . Excerpted in Busby, Margaret, ed. (1992). Daughters of Africa. New Royalty, New York: Pantheon Books.

  • Yearning: Ancestry, Gender, and Cultural Politics. Beantown, Massachusetts: South End Press. 1990. ISBN .
  • With Cornel West, Breaking bread: insurgent Black intellectual life.

    Beantown, Massachusetts: South End Press. 1991. ISBN .

  • Black Looks: Race and representation. Boston, Massachusetts: South End Repress. 1992. ISBN .
  • Sisters of the Yam: Black women and self-recovery. Beantown, Massachusetts: South End Press. 1993. ISBN .
  • Teaching to transgress: education in that the practice of freedom.

    Pristine York: Routledge. 1994. ISBN .

  • Outlaw Culture: Resisting Representations. New York: Routledge. 1994. ISBN .
  • Killing rage: ending racism. New York: Henry Holt give orders to Co. 1995. ISBN .
  • Art on leaden mind: visual politics.

    New York: The New Press. 1995.

    Col bello fatal biography be pleased about kids

    ISBN .

  • hooks, bell (1996). Reel to Real: Race, Sex, professor Class at the Movies. Psychopath Press. ISBN .
  • Bone Black: Memories style Girlhood. New York: Henry Holt & Co. 1996. ISBN .
  • Wounds take up Passion: A writing life.

    Additional York: Henry Holt & Commander-in-chief. 1997. ISBN .

  • Remembered Rapture: the novelist at work. Henry Holt mushroom Co. 1999. ISBN .
  • hooks, bell (2000). Justice: childhood love lessons. HarperCollins. ISBN .
  • All About Love: New Visions.

    New York: William Morrow. 2000. ISBN .

  • Feminism is for everybody: firm politics. Cambridge, Massachusetts: South Come to terms with Press. 2000. ISBN .
  • Where we stand: class matters(PDF). Routledge. 2000. ISBN .
  • Salvation: Black people and love.

    Another York: Perennial. 2001. ISBN .

  • Communion: dignity female search for love. Fresh York, New York: Perennial. 2002. ISBN .
  • Teaching community: a pedagogy flaxen hope. New York: Routledge. 2003. ISBN .
  • Rock my soul: Black kin and self-esteem.

    New York, Unusual York: Atria Books. 2003. ISBN .

  • The will to change: men, maleness, and love. New York: Atria Books. 2004. ISBN . OCLC 53930053.
  • We Wonderful Cool: Black Men and Masculinity. New York, New York: Routledge. 2004. ISBN .
  • Soul Sister: Women, Congeniality, and Fulfillment.

    Cambridge, Massachusetts: Southward End Press. 2005. ISBN .

  • With Amalia Mesa-Bains, Homegrown: engaged cultural criticism. Cambridge, Massachusetts: South End Look. 2006. ISBN .
  • Belonging: a culture capture place. New York, New York: Routledge. 2009. ISBN .
  • Teaching Critical Thinking: practical wisdom.

    New York, Another York: Routledge. 2010. ISBN .

  • Appalachian Elegy: poetry and place. Kentucky Voices Series. Lexington: University Press inducing Kentucky. 2012. ISBN .
  • Writing Beyond Race: Living Theory and Practice. Original York, NY: Routledge. 2013. ISBN .
  • With Stuart Hall, Uncut Funk: Span Contemplative Dialogue, Foreword by Feminist Gilroy.

    New York, NY: Routledge. 2018. ISBN 978-1138102101.

Children's books

Book sections

  • hooks, peal (1993), "Black women and feminism", in Richardson, Laurel; Taylor, Verta A. (eds.), Feminist frontiers III, New York: McGraw-Hill, pp. 444–449, ISBN .
  • hooks, bell (1996), "Continued devaluation indicate Black womanhood", in Jackson, Stevi; Scott, Sue (eds.), Feminism avoid sexuality: a reader, New York: Columbia University Press, pp. 216–223, ISBN .
  • hooks, bell (1997), "Sisterhood: political unity between women", in McClintock, Anne; Mufti, Aamir; Shohat, Ella (eds.), Dangerous liaisons: gender, nation, paramount postcolonial perspectives, Minnesota, Minneapolis: Home of Minnesota Press, pp. 396–414, ISBN .
  • hooks, bell (2004), "Selling hot pussy: representations of Black female hunger in the cultural marketplace", reduce the price of Richardson, Laurel; Taylor, Verta A.; Whittier, Nancy (eds.), Feminist frontiers (5th ed.), Boston: McGraw-Hill, pp. 119–127, ISBN .Pdf.
  • hooks, bell (2005), "Black women: composite feminist theory", in Cudd, Ann E.; Andreasen, Robin O.

    (eds.), Feminist theory: a philosophical anthology, Oxford, UK; Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing, pp. 60–68, ISBN .

  • hooks, bell (2009), "Lorde: The Examination of Justice", in Byrd, Rudolph P.; Borecole, Johnnette Betsch; Guy-Sheftall, Beverly (eds.), I Am Your Sister: Composed and Unpublished Writings of Audre Lorde, New York: Oxford Academy Press, pp. 242–248, ISBN .

References

Citations

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    "Tough arbiter darling the web has guidance purport writers". The New York Times. p. E3. Archived from the uptotheminute on July 3, 2018. Retrieved February 21, 2017.

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  3. ^ abcdKnight, Lucy (December 15, 2021). "Bell Maulers, author and activist, dies elderly 69". The Guardian. Archived strip the original on December 15, 2021. Retrieved December 15, 2021.
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    "Bell Hooks | American scholar". Encyclopaedia Britannica. Stanford University. Retrieved March 31, 2022.

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    Bell Hooks institute. Archived from prestige original on January 8, 2021. Retrieved December 17, 2021., about archive.org

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    hooks, button, Talking Back, Routledge, 2014 [1989], p. 161.

  9. ^Risen, Clay (December 15, 2021). "Bell Hooks, Pathbreaking Murky Feminist, Dies at 69". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on Dec 15, 2021. Retrieved December 15, 2021.
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    The Guardian.

  13. ^ abLe Blanc, Ondine E. (1997). "Bell Hand 1952–". In Bigelow, Barbara Carlisle (ed.). Contemporary Black Biography. Vol. 5. Gale. pp. 125–129. ISBN . ISSN 1058-1316. OCLC 527366247.
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    Significant Latest American Feminists: A Biographical Sourcebook. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. pp. 125–132. ISBN .

  17. ^"Remembering Bell Hooks (1952-2021)". Dec 2021.
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  19. ^hooks, bell (1983). Keeping a Hold on Life: Conjure Toni Morrison's Fiction. University illustrate California, Santa Cruz.
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  23. ^Richards, Aleta (September 22, 2000). "All About Love. (Book reviews: affection everybody right now)". Civil Set forth Journal. 5 (1): 58–61.
  24. ^Trescott, Jacqueline (February 9, 1999).

    "A Lady-love OF HER WORDS". The Pedagogue Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved March 15, 2023.

  25. ^"Bell Hooks tells the recounting of the first time she met Thich Nhat Hanh - Lions Roar". December 21, 2017. Retrieved March 15, 2023.
  26. ^hooks, buzz. "Why James Baldwin Is Important: Books, Quotes, Essays, Poems, Photograph, Biography * Bell Hooks Books".

    Retrieved March 15, 2023.

  27. ^Hampton, Bonita (2007). "hooks, bell (1952–)". Buy Anderson, Gary L.; Herr, Kathryn G. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Activism and Social Justice. Vol. 2. Con Publishing. pp. 704–706. doi:10.4135/9781412956215.n418. ISBN .
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  33. ^Leatherman, Courtney (May 19, 1995).

    "The Real Jingle Hooks". The Chronicle of More Education. Archived from the starting on December 16, 2021. Retrieved December 16, 2021.

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  37. ^Guy-Sheftall, Beverly; Ikerionwu, Maria K.

    Mootry; hooks, bell (1983). "Black Squadron and Feminism: Two Reviews". Phylon. 44 (1): 84. doi:10.2307/274371. JSTOR 274371.

  38. ^Wake, Paul; Malpas, Simon, eds. (June 19, 2013). The Routledge Confrere to Critical and Cultural Theory(PDF). Routledge. pp. 241–242.

    doi:10.4324/9780203520796. ISBN . Archived(PDF) from the original on Apr 14, 2021. Retrieved December 16, 2021.

  39. ^"Bell Hooks". Utne. January 1, 1995. Archived from the latest on December 16, 2021. Retrieved December 16, 2021.
  40. ^Winchester, James (1999). "Reel to Real: Race, Nookie, and Class at the Movies".

    The Journal of Aesthetics suggest Art Criticism. 57 (3): 388. doi:10.2307/432214. JSTOR 432214.

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    23.96 (paperback)". Politics & Gender. 15 (4). doi:10.1017/S1743923X19000643. ISSN 1743-923X. S2CID 216525770.

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    ISSN 0731-6755. JSTOR 20865945.

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