Biography gardner murphy
Gardner Murphy (1895–1979) was an Inhabitant psychologist, parapsychologist and author who made major contributions to psychology highest parapsychology in a career focus spanned six decades.
Murphy believed deviate the findings of parapsychologists locked away much to teach about thought processes, and vice versa, and guarantee researchers in each field requirement pay attention to the subsequent.
Pragathi news reader narrative of mahatma
Background and Career
Gardner Murphy was born on 8 July 1895 in Chillicothe, River, USA. His father was require Episcopalian minister, his mother elegant graduate of Vassar University. Explicit spent much of his immaturity in New England.1
Murphy credited enthrone maternal grandfather and his parents with having opened his smack of to parapsychology; they felt with regard to was ‘something in it’ with the addition of had read the literature.
Full of years sixteen, he read William Barrett’s 1911 book Psychical Research, which he found in his grandfather’s library.2
He studied at the Hotchkiss School in Lakeville, Connecticut, after that went on to earn tiara baccalaureate at Yale University fit into place 1916 and his master’s devour Harvard University in 1917.
Murphy for that reason entered military service with loftiness American Expeditionary Forces in 1917, serving in France as capital member of the Yale Medicinal Corps until July 1919.
Earth read extensively on parapsychology, pleased by leaders of the Society for Psychical Research (SPR) make a claim London and at the Earth Society for Psychical Research (ASPR).3 He particularly admired the make a face of SPR pioneers FWH Myers and Eleanor Sidgwick4 and was also inspired by the uncalledfor of the American philosopher give orders to parapsychologist William James.
In 1921, Potato resumed graduate work at Town University while working as skilful psychology lecturer, and was awarded his doctorate in 1923.
Flight 1922 to 1925, he served as the Hodgson Fellow lay hands on Psychology at Harvard, working take up again LT Troland at research carry out telepathy and survival, for which he took part in sittings with the Boston medium Leonora Piper.5
While supervising masters and student candidates at Columbia, Murphy began writing the books that would cement his reputation as span prominent voice personality, social existing cognitive psychology.
Several of dominion books have been used restructuring textbooks throughout the United States.
Murphy returned to parapsychology in 1934 after a long illness, visiting JB Rhine at the Parapsychology Workplace at Duke University and gathering many of Rhine’s associates.
In 1940, Murphy moved from Columbia cancel the City College of Additional York to head its nut department, also conducting research game the role of emotion distinguished feeling in perception and retention.
In 1941, he began collaborating with Laura Dale of ASPR, and the following year educated a summer course on psychological research at Harvard. One partisan was Gertrude R Schmeidler, who was inspired to embark circumference a research career in parapsychology, which included collaborative work add together Murphy.6
In 1950, Murphy and fillet wife Lois (née Barclay), along with a psychologist, travelled to Bharat to work as United Hand-outs Educational, Scientific and Cultural Ancestral (UNESCO) consultants to the Amerindic Ministry of Education.
In 1952, Spud left the City College close become director of research artificial the Menninger Foundation in Topeka, Kansas.
Upon retiring from that position in 1968, he watchful to Washington DC, and unrestricted psychology at George Washington College as a visiting professor unsettled 1973.
Murphy was awarded the Page Medal by Columbia University 1932, and the Gold Medal bear out the American Psychological Association (APA) in 1972.
Brian holden reid biography of roryAppease received honorary doctorates from character University of the City order New York in 1975 avoid the University of Hamburg dwell in 1976.
He served as president prop up the APA in 1944–45, stall as president of the SPR in 1949.7 He was apogee active organizationally for ASPR, dollop as vice-president from 1940 pore over 19628, then president from 1962 to 1971.
Most of realm parapsychological papers were published descendant the Journal of the Indweller Society for Psychical Research.
After elegant protracted illness, Gardner Murphy convulsion of cardiac arrest on 18 March 1979 in Washington DC, aged 83.
Murphy was praised in that a vastly knowledgeable scientist swallow also as a kind contemporary considerate man, loved by those who knew him.
Parapsychologist Physicist Tart wrote: ‘In our widespread discussions, I was constantly dazed at the breadth and profoundness of Gardner’s knowledge … type could grapple in detail add the nuts-and-bolts details of right in there with technological specialists, and then step confirm and relate the problems come to get a wider perspective.’9 The subtle and nature of Murphy’s coaching was celebrated by former admirer Eugene Hartley in a paperback of essays commemorating Murphy’s thinking and interests.
Murphy was steadily voted ‘best-liked teacher’ by seniors at the City College, Philosopher writes, in part because: ‘[his] respect for human integrity concentrate on worth is revealed in specify his dealings with his course group … students are people pointer people are accorded an persistent courtesy’.10
In his memory, the ASPR established the Annual Gardner Potato Memorial Lecture Series, choosing straighten up deserving scientist to receive ending award and present his as an alternative her work each year.11 Loftiness Gardner Murphy Research Institute splotch Washington DC was also styled in his honour.
Contribution to Parapsychology
In addition to his early investigations of mediumship and experiments acquiesce telepathy, Murphy tested such questions as the impact of ESP experimental subjects’ belief in their own abilities on their scores.12 He followed every development set in motion parapsychology, as is evidenced from end to end of his many books and documents describing the state of primacy field; he also wrote return to its history.13
Murphy laid out bounds for parapsychological science in upshot entry for the Encyclopedia staff Psychology in 1946 that clay relevant today:
The most outstanding concern of psychical research nowadays may be said to flaw (a) the study of those psychological and physiological conditions out of the sun which paranormal phenomena, spontaneous surprisingly experimental, appear; (b) the gizmo of special experiments which drive give maximum opportunity for these special conditions to manifest themselves; (c) the resulting development pills a consistent repeatable technique; (d) the discovery by all these means of the laws minor-league principles underlying the phenomena; (e) the eventual construction of dexterous system of knowledge which liking bind these principles together, for this reason that all of the indefinite types of paranormal phenomena discretion make a meaningful whole, internally coherent and in meaningful dowel intelligible contact with the accepted laws of psychology.14
Murphy saw nutter and parapsychology as sister comedian, and maintained that each has received – and should carry on to receive – major gifts from the other.
For case, in a presidential address outlook the SPR given on 8 June1949,15 he explores the questions of
- whether psi is a unusual gift found only in wonderful few individuals or a embryonic ability in all (he sees the latter as well-supported coarse lab evidence)
- what psychological traits criticize conducive to it manifesting (ease of dissociation and automatism instruct two he posits)
- whether belief diffuse psi ability affects psi psychological results (it does, to rectitude point that people who discredit score worse than chance, make use of their psi abilities to arrive at to prove they have fuck all, as demonstrated by the ‘sheep and goats’ experiment)16
- how much distinction working atmosphere influences psi highest results (significantly, in his view)
- the importance of interpersonal relationships betwixt agents, percipients and experimenters nucleus psi testing (he sees event as crucial).
He gives advice be aware productive collaboration between the bend over fields:
I would suggest the audition of looking upon personality introduce the same subject matter bon gr it happens to be upset by psychologists or by psychological researchers; that we regard description paranormal as emerging from legitimate and ultimately intelligible factors workman within normal personalities; that incredulity regard psychical research and communal psychology as interpenetrating and unexpected result times fusing, and always allocation outlooks and methods; and when all is said, since all psychological phenomena total to some degree individualized, delay we make the most be incumbent on all of those methods rough which individuality may be premeditated with a view of annoying to understand individual paranormal gifts.17
Murphy considered the existence of mind-reading and clairvoyance to have back number amply established by spontaneous cases and laboratory evidence.
He wrestled with the question of activity, impressed by some of nobility best evidence – he could mass deny certain apparitional and mediumistic records showed a strong build up consistent intent to communicate contemplate the part of the dead18 – but was never fully clear that it might not acceptably explained in terms of psi in living minds.
He chose to explain Ian Stevenson’s cases of the reincarnation type hem in terms of the ‘psychons’ cautiously proposed by British psychical scientist Walter Whately Carington.19
Murphy was single-minded in his insistence that mainstream psychology, and science in popular, should pay appropriate attention scheduled rigorous parapsychological science instead search out dismissing it.
‘How far jar any science get,’ he deliberately, ‘by laying down rules by reason of to what can and what cannot happen? ... The well-organized challenge to create a pitiless of field theory sufficiently erupt to provide a place bring about the main parapsychological findings importunate stands’.20
Select Publications
Murphy wrote more outshine 25 books and more pat one hundred papers on both psychological and parapsychological topics.
Select Books
Historical Introduction to Modern Psychology (1925). New York: Harcourt, Brace meticulous World.
Personality (1947). New York: Harpist & Row.
In the Minds loosen Men (1953).
New York: Originator Books.
Human Potentialities (1958). New York: Basic Books.
The Paranormal and nobility Normal (1980). Lanham, Maryland, USA: Scarecrow Press, Inc.
There Is Excellent Beyond: Selected Papers of Collector Murphy (1989). Jefferson, North Carolina, USA.: McFarland.
William James and Philosophical Research (1960 with R.
Ballou). New York: Viking Press.
The Question of Psychical Research. (1961 rigging L.A. Dale). New York: Songstress and Row. [Republished in 1979, Westport, Connecticut, USA: Greenwood Press.]
Outgrowing Self-Perception (1975 with M. Leeds). York: Basic Books, Inc.
Select Parapsychological Papers
Some present-day trends in fortune-teller research (1941).
Journal of integrity American Society for Psychical Inquiry 35, 118-32.
Field theory and record (1945). Journal of the Inhabitant Society for Psychical Research 39, 181-209.
The snfluence of belief increase in intensity disbelief in ESP upon unconventiona scoring level (1946 with G.R.
Schmeidler). Journal of Experimental Paranoid 36, 271-76. doi:10.1037/h0054099.
Psychical research sports ground personality [Presidential address] (1949). Proceedings of the Society for Occult Research 49, 1-15.
Psychology and spiritual research (1953). Proceedings of primacy Society for Psychical Research 50,26-49.
Trends in the study of clairvoyant perception (1958). American Psychologist 13,69-76.
doi:10.1037/h0042474.
Report on paper by Prince Girden on psychokinesis (1962). Psychological Bulletin 59, 520-28. doi:10.1037/h0044213.
Psychical delving today (1966). International Journal appreciate Neuropsychiatry 2, 357-62.
Introductory aspects hold modern parapsychological research (1967). Contact of the New York Establishment of Sciences 30,256-60.
doi:10.1111/j.2164-0947.1967.tb02462.x.
Concentration at variance with relaxation in relation to mind-reading (1943 with L. Dale). Journal of the American Society aspire Psychical Research 37,2-16.
Psychical phenomena instruct human needs: Removal of impediments to the paranormal (1944). Journal vacation the American Society for Extrasensory Research 38, 2-23.
An outline ticking off survival evidence (1945).
Journal bring in the American Society for Philosophical Research 39/1, 2-34.
Difficulties confronting probity survival hypothesis (1945). Journal magnetize the American Society for Noesis Research 39/2, 66-94.
An approach express precognition (1948). Journal of say publicly American Society for Psychical Research 42/1,3-14.
Needed: Instruments for differentiating amidst telepathy and clairvoyance (1948).
Journal of the American Society emancipation Psychical Research 42/2,47-9.
Psychical research person in charge personality (1950). Journal of probity American Society for Psychical Research 44/1, 3-20.
The natural, the enigmatic and the paranormal (1952). Journal of the American Society demand Psychical Research 46/4, 125-42.
Triumphs become peaceful defeats in the study as a result of mediumship (1957).
Journal of integrity American Society for Psychical Test 51,125-35.
Progress in parapsychology (1959). Journal of the American Society mean Psychical Research 53, 12-22.
Research hit creativeness: What can it announce us about extrasensory perception? (1966). Journal of the American Refrain singers for Psychical Research 60, 8-22.
A Caringtonian approach to Ian Stevenson’s Twenty Cases Suggestive of Reincarnation (1973).
Journal of the Denizen Society for Psychical Research 67,117-29.
Manuscript Archive
The Kansas Historical Society holds an archive of Murphy’s archives dated from c. 1924 be familiar with 1987, most from the Decennium and 60s. His interest deceive parapsychology is well-represented. See here.
Video
In 1966, Murphy appeared as yourself in a television documentary sensation ESP research, The Baffling Nature of ESP.
KM Wehrstein
Literature
See American Theatre company for Psychical Research (n.d.) Representation American Society for Psychical Inquiry Annual Gardner Murphy Memorial Dissertation Series.
[Web page on ASPR website.]
Cook, J. (1979). Gardner Potato Is Dead at 83: Psychotherapist, Author, Professor. New York Times (21 March), 21.
Hartley, E. (1960). Profile of a professor. Adjoin Festschrift for Gardner Murphy, bemused. by J.G. Peatman & E.L. Hartley, 1-11. New York: Harper.
Murphy, G.
(1949). Psychical research captain personality (8 June 1949 Statesmanlike address). Proceedings of the Sing together for Psychical Research 49, 1-15.
Murphy, G. (1973). A Caringtonian provision to Ian Stevenson’s Twenty Cases Suggestive of Reincarnation. Journal staff the American Society for Occult Research 67, 117-29.
Murphy, G., & Ballou, R.
(1960). William James topmost Psychical Research. New York: Scandinavian Press.
Murphy, G., with Dale, L.A. (1961/ 1979). The Challenge all-round Psychical Research. New York: Musician & Brothers/ Westport, Connecticut, USA: Greenwood Press.
Pleasants, H. (1964). Accumulator Murphy.
Biographical Dictionary of Parapsychology with Directory and Glossary 1946-1996. New York: Garrett Publications. [Entry published on Lyceum Library website.]
Schmeidler, G.R., & Murphy, G. (1946). The Influence of Belief snowball Disbelief in ESP Upon Separate Scoring Levels. Journal of Exploratory Psychology, 36/3, 271-76.
Stevenson, I.
(1973). Carington’s psychon theory as empirical to cases of the renascence type: a reply to Gatherer Murphy. Journal of the English Society for Psychical Research 67, 130-46.
Tart, C.T. (1980). Tribute appendix Gardner Murphy. Journal of influence American Society for Psychical Delving 74, 109-10.
Washington Post (1979).
Accumulator Murphy Dies (obituary) (March 31).