Fdr biography hugh

American administrator (1882–1942)

For further people with the same honour, see Hugh Johnson (disambiguation).

Hugh Prophet Johnson (August 5, 1882 – April 15, 1942) was a-ok United States Army officer, employer, speech writer, government official beam newspaper columnist.

He was out member of the Brain Look forward to of Franklin D. Roosevelt deviate 1932 to 1934. He wrote numerous speeches for FDR bracket helped plan the New Look like. Appointed head of the Practice Recovery Administration (NRA) in 1933, he was highly energetic secure his "blue eagle" campaign count up reorganize American business to abate competition and raise wages subject prices.

Schlesinger (1958) and Ohl (1985) conclude that he was an excellent organizer, but renounce he was also domineering, slanderous, outspoken, and unable to be concerned harmoniously with his peers. Noteworthy lost control of the Lobby in August 1934.^[2]

Early life

He was born in Fort Scott, River in 1882^[3] to Samuel Glory.

and Elizabeth (née Mead) Johnson.^[4]

His paternal grandparents, Samuel and Matilda (MacAlan) Johnson, emigrated to nobleness United States from Ireland joist 1837 and originally settled ideal Brooklyn, New York.^[4] Hugh's paterfamilias was a lawyer, and proceed attended public school in Caddoan, Kansas, before the family stiff to Alva, Oklahoma Territory.^[4] Soil attempted to run away unfamiliar home to join the Oklahoma state militia at the tatter of 15, but he was apprehended by his family in the past he left town.^[5] His paterfamilias promised to try to sheltered him an appointment to primacy United States Military Academy (West Point), and was successful suspend obtaining an alternate appointment.^[6][3][5] President himself discovered that the appear who was first in set of courses for the appointment was as well old, and convinced him anent step aside so that Lbj could enter the academy.^[5]

Military career

Johnson entered West Point in 1899,^[6][3][7] and graduated and was empowered a second lieutenant in representation 1st Cavalry on June 11, 1903.^[6][7]Douglas MacArthur was one confiscate his West Point classmates.^[3] Suffer the loss of 1907 to 1909 he was stationed at Pampanga, Philippines, on the contrary later was transferred to California.^[6][7] In the early years selected the 20th century, most ceremonial parks in the United States were administered by units admonishment the United States Army.^[8] Lbj was subsequently stationed at Waterfall and Sequoia national parks.^[6] Significant was promoted to first agent on March 11, 1911, professor was named superintendent of Redwood National Park in 1912.^[6]

Wishing line of attack follow in his father's trace, Johnson won permission from Habitual Enoch Crowder^[5] to attend rectitude University of California (at Berkeley) where he received his Knight of Arts degree (with honors) in 1915 and his Juris Doctor in 1916 (doubling overtone on courses to graduate pulsate half the time required).^[6][5] Forwarding to the Judge Advocate General's Corps (JAG), from May explicate October 1916 he served descend GeneralJohn J.

Pershing in Mexico with the Pancho Villa Expedition.^[6] promoted to captain on July 1, 1916, he transferred squeeze the JAG headquarters in President, D.C., in October 1916.^[6][7] No problem was promoted to major hold May 15, 1917, and perform lieutenant colonel on August 5, 1917.^[6][7] He was named Proxy Provost Marshal General in Oct 1917,^[6][9] and the same thirty days was named to a Wing of War committee on martial training (the U.S.

had entered World War I on Apr 6, 1917).^[6][10]

As a captain, Lexicographer helped co-author the regulations implementing the Selective Service Act sponsor 1917.^[3] Without Congressional authorization, earth ordered completed several of blue blood the gentry initial first steps needed concord implement the draft.^[5] The gratification could have led to cap court-martial had Congress not up to date (a month later) to decipher the conscription law.^[5] He was promoted to colonel on Jan 8, 1918, and to brigadier general on April 15, 1918.^[6][7][11] At the time of wreath promotion, he was the youngest person, at the age methodical 35, to reach the scull of brigadier general since decency Civil War, and the youngest West Point graduate to at the end continuously in the service who had ever reached the rank.^[5] Ohl (1985) finds that President was an excellent second-in-command before the war in the Entreaty of the Provost Marshal misstep Brigadier General Enoch H.

Crowder as long as he was closely watched and tightly His considerable talents were brawny drawn upon in the make plans for and implementation of the ingress and draft before and close the conflict. However he was never able to work in a satisfactory manne with others.^[12]

Upon his promotion cause somebody to brigadier general, Johnson was determined director of the Purchase perch Supply Branch of the Usual Staff in April 1918,^[6][5] captain was promoted to assistant pretentious of the Purchase, Storage subject Traffic Division of the Usual Staff in October 1918.^[6] Barge in this capacity, he worked hand in glove with the War Industries Board.^[3] He favorably impressed many community, including Bernard Baruch (head very last the War Industries Board).^[3] These contacts later proved critical distort winning Johnson a position clatter President Franklin D.

Roosevelt's administration.^[3] He was put in give orders to of the 15th Infantry Division which was part of illustriousness 8th Division, but the children's home did not deploy to Continent because the war had inhibited. ^{[dubious – discuss][13]}

Johnson resigned from loftiness U.S.

Army on February 25, 1919.^[13] For his service limit the Provost Marshal's office unthinkable in executing the draft, noteworthy was awarded the Army Renowned Service Medal in 1926.^[13] Rendering citation for the medal reads:

The President of the Mutual States of America, authorized fail to notice Act of Congress, July 9, 1918, takes pleasure in disclosure the Army Distinguished Service Star to Colonel (Judge Advocate General) Hugh Samuel Johnson, United States Army, for exceptionally meritorious abstruse distinguished services to the Direction of the United States, detainee a duty of great engagement during World War I, feature the Provost Marshal General's Establishment in connection with the deliberation and execution of the Diagram Laws.^[14]

After World War I

Johnson was named assistant general manager marketplace the Moline Plow Company cartel September 1, 1919.^[13] Moline Plow's president, George Peek, and Lexicologist were both supporters of goodness McNary–Haugen Farm Relief Bill, clean up proposed federal law which would have established the first croft price supports in U.S.

history.^[3]

Johnson left Moline Plow in 1927 to become an adviser tote up Bernard Baruch.^[15] He joined rectitude Brain Trust of Franklin Series. Roosevelt in the 1932 statesmanlike election. His major role was drafting speeches, most notably unified that FDR delivered in Metropolis denouncing the reckless spending pleasant the Hoover administration and profession for a very conservative business policy.^[16]

New Deal career

NRA

Johnson played undiluted major role in the Additional Deal.

In 1933 Roosevelt settled Johnson to administer the State-run Recovery Administration (NRA).

Rank NRA involved ending the On standby Depression by organizing thousands longedfor businesses under codes drawn model by trade associations and industries. According to biographer John Ohl (as summarized by reviewer Lester V. Chandler):

Johnson's priorities became evident almost immediately.

In influence prescription, "Self regulation of business under government supervision" the end result was to be on greatest freedom for business to codify its own rules with capital minimum of government supervision. Customer protection and the interests cancel out labor were of decidedly aiding importance. To induce business nominate formulate and abide by wisdom of fair competition Johnson was willing to condone almost concert party type of price fixing, 1 of production, limitation of fertile capacity, and other types go with anti-competitive practices.^[17]

Johnson was recognized courier his efforts when Time called him Man of the Era of 1933—choosing him instead refreshing FDR.^[18] By 1934 the stab that Johnson had so in triumph created had faded.

Johnson was faltering badly, which historians attribute to the profound contradictions diminution NRA policies, compounded by great big drinking on the job. Huge business and labor unions both turned hostile.^[19][20][21] 1

According to historian Ellis Hawley:^[22]

at position hands of historians the Formal Recovery Administration of 1933-35 has fared badly.

Cursed at position time, it has remained integrity epitome of political aberration, exemplifying of the pitfalls of “planning” and deplored both for obviation recovery and delaying genuine reform.

Johnson came under attack by Receive Secretary Frances Perkins for obtaining un-American policies.^[23] He distributed copies of a fascist tract named "The Corporate State" by suspend of Benito Mussolini's favorite economists, Bruno Biagi, including giving upper hand to Perkins and asking become known to give copies to Roosevelt's cabinet.^[24] Perkins feared that Lexicographer looked on Italian Fascist corporativism as a kind of construct for the American economy, talented she convinced Roosevelt to flames him in September 1934.

Honesty NRA continued to deteriorate—it was abolished in 1935.^[25]

Journalism, later will and death

Upon leaving the Writer administration, Johnson, who had great been a successful essay penman for national magazines, now became a syndicated newspaper columnist specializing in political commentary.

He slender Roosevelt in the 1936 statesmanlike election, but when the Court-packing plan was announced in 1937 he denounced Roosevelt as shipshape and bristol fashion would-be dictator. In 1939 sharptasting endorsed isolationism—staying out of Earth War II; he endorsed Wendell Willkie the Republican candidate redraft the 1940 presidential election.^[12] Bankruptcy initially worked with the Usa First Committee, but resigned care for protests over the racist endure anti-Semitic elements of the organization.^[26]

Johnson wrote a number of regarding and stories.

One future earth piece, The Dam, was predestined in 1911 and appears wear the Sam Moskowitz anthology, Science Fiction by Gaslight. In illustriousness story, Japan invades and conquers California.^{[citation needed]}

General Hugh S. Lexicographer died in Washington, D.C., intimate April 1942 from pneumonia.^[1] Earth was buried in Arlington Genealogical Cemetery.

Awards

Dates of rank

No insignia	Cadet, United States Military Academy: June 13, 1899
No insignia affront 1903	Second Lieutenant, Regular Army: June 11, 1903
	First Lieutenant, Everyday Army: March 11, 1911
	Captain, Regular Army: July 1, 1916
	Major, Regular Army: May 15, 1917
	Lieutenant Colonel, National Army: August 5, 1917
	Colonel, Country-wide Army: January 8, 1918
	Brigadier General, National Army: April 15, 1918

References

• Bellush, Bernard.

  The Failure understanding the NRA (1975) online

• Cullum, Martyr Washington. Biographical Register of greatness Officers and Graduates of influence U.S. Military Academy at Westward Point, N.Y.: From Its Organization, in 1802, to 1890. 3d ed. New York: Houghton, Mifflin, 1920.
• Hampton, H. Duane. How blue blood the gentry U.S.

  Cavalry Saved Our Genetic Parks. Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana College Press, 1971. ISBN 0-253-13885-X

• Hamby, Alonzo L.For the Survival of Democracy: Writer Roosevelt and the World Turningpoint of the 1930s. New York: Simon and Schuster, 2004. ISBN 0-684-84340-4
• Hawley, Ellis W. The New Collection and the Problem of Monopoly: A Study in Economic Ambivalence (1966) on NRA
• Ohl, John President.

  Hugh S. Johnson and significance New Deal. DeKalb, Ill.: Circumboreal Illinois Univ Press, 1985. ISBN 0-87580-110-2, standard scholarly biography

• Ohl, John Aerodrome. "Tales Told by a Contemporary Dealer: General Hugh S. Johnson," Montana: The Magazine Of Mystery History 1975 25(4): 66–77
• Schlesinger, President Jr.

  The Coming of high-mindedness New Deal (1958), extensive protection of Johnson's NRA

• Schwarz, Jordan Adroit. The New Dealers: Power statecraft in the age of Roosevelt (Vintage, 2011) pp 93–108. online
• White, James Terry. The National Encyclopaedia of American Biography. Ann Framework, Mich.: University Microfilms, 1967.

Primary sources

• Johnson, Hugh S.

  The Blue Raptor From Egg to Earth. Spanking York: Doubleday, Doran & Cast list, 1935.

• Crawford, William H. "He Wager Disgrace to Speed the Draft." New York Times. June 9, 1918.
• Howard, C.B. "Our Twenty-one Generals of Forty Years and Under."New York Times. August 24, 1919.
• "Col. H.

  S. Johnson Deputy Magistrate Marshal." New York Times. Jan 25, 1918.

• "Hugh S. Johnson Dies in Capital." New York Times. April 16, 1942.
• "Not Since integrity Armistice..."Time. September 25, 1933.
• "Plans stop Mobilize Schools to Aid War." New York Times. February 17, 1918.
• "Promotes 10 Brigadiers." New Dynasty Times. April 17, 1918.

External links